1. **Problem statement:** We need to describe the transformations applied to the graph of $y=f(x)$ to obtain the graphs of the given functions. 2. **Recall transformation rules:** - Horizontal shifts: $y=f(x-h)$ shifts right by $h$ units. - Horizontal stretches/compressions: $y=f(bx)$ compresses horizontally by factor $\frac{1}{b}$ if $b>1$, stretches if $01$, compresses if $0