Subjects algebra

Logarithm Products F18A59

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Question: evaulate without using a calculator a) log 81 base 7 x log 100 base 3 x lg 49 f) log 16 base x times log x base 64
1. **Problem Statement:** Evaluate without using a calculator: (a) $\log_7 81 \times \log_3 100 \times \lg 49$ (f) $\log_x 16 \times \log_{64} x$ 2. **Recall the change of base formula:** $$\log_a b = \frac{\log_c b}{\log_c a}$$ for any positive base $c \neq 1$. 3. **Evaluate (a):** - Express each term in terms of base 10 logarithms (common logs, $\lg$): $$\log_7 81 = \frac{\lg 81}{\lg 7}, \quad \log_3 100 = \frac{\lg 100}{\lg 3}, \quad \lg 49 = \lg 49$$ - Substitute: $$\log_7 81 \times \log_3 100 \times \lg 49 = \frac{\lg 81}{\lg 7} \times \frac{\lg 100}{\lg 3} \times \lg 49$$ - Write numbers as powers: $$81 = 3^4, \quad 100 = 10^2, \quad 49 = 7^2$$ - Replace: $$= \frac{\lg (3^4)}{\lg 7} \times \frac{\lg (10^2)}{\lg 3} \times \lg (7^2)$$ - Use log power rule $\lg (a^b) = b \lg a$: $$= \frac{4 \lg 3}{\lg 7} \times \frac{2 \lg 10}{\lg 3} \times 2 \lg 7$$ - Simplify by canceling common terms: $$= \frac{4 \cancel{\lg 3}}{\lg 7} \times \frac{2 \lg 10}{\cancel{\lg 3}} \times 2 \lg 7$$ - Multiply numerators and denominators: $$= \frac{4 \times 2 \times 2 \times \lg 10 \times \lg 7}{\lg 7}$$ - Cancel $\lg 7$: $$= 4 \times 2 \times 2 \times \lg 10 = 16 \times \lg 10$$ - Since $\lg 10 = 1$: $$= 16$$ 4. **Evaluate (f):** - Use change of base for both logs with base 10: $$\log_x 16 = \frac{\lg 16}{\lg x}, \quad \log_{64} x = \frac{\lg x}{\lg 64}$$ - Multiply: $$\log_x 16 \times \log_{64} x = \frac{\lg 16}{\lg x} \times \frac{\lg x}{\lg 64}$$ - Cancel $\lg x$: $$= \frac{\lg 16}{\lg 64}$$ - Express 16 and 64 as powers of 2: $$16 = 2^4, \quad 64 = 2^6$$ - Substitute: $$= \frac{\lg (2^4)}{\lg (2^6)} = \frac{4 \lg 2}{6 \lg 2}$$ - Cancel $\lg 2$: $$= \frac{4}{6} = \frac{2}{3}$$ **Final answers:** (a) $16$ (f) $\frac{2}{3}$