1. The problem: A magic square is a grid where the sums of numbers in each row, column, and diagonal are equal. 2. The formula: For an $n \times n$ magic square, the magic constant (sum) is given by $$M = \frac{n(n^2+1)}{2}$$. 3. Important rules: Each number from 1 to $n^2$ is used exactly once. 4. Steps to solve a 3x3 magic square (most common): - Place 1 in the middle of the top row. - Move up one row and right one column to place the next number. - If this move goes outside the square, wrap around to the opposite side. - If the cell is already filled, move down one cell instead. 5. Continue placing numbers until the square is filled. 6. Verify that all rows, columns, and diagonals sum to the magic constant $M=15$ for a 3x3. This method is called the Siamese method and works for odd $n$.