Subjects algebra

Matrices Operations 6B9D66

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1. **Planteamiento del problema:** Tenemos las matrices $$A=\begin{pmatrix}2 & -1 \\ 3 & 2\end{pmatrix}, \quad B=\begin{pmatrix}0 & 1 \\ 4 & -2\end{pmatrix}$$ Se pide calcular: a) $A \cdot B$ b) $B \cdot A$ c) $B^{-1}$ d) $(A + B)(A - B)$ e) $A^2 - B^2$ f) $(A + B)^2$ g) $A^2 + B^2 + 2AB$ 2. **Reglas importantes:** - La multiplicación de matrices se realiza multiplicando filas por columnas. - La inversa de una matriz $2\times 2$ $M=\begin{pmatrix}a & b \\ c & d\end{pmatrix}$ es $M^{-1} = \frac{1}{ad - bc} \begin{pmatrix}d & -b \\ -c & a\end{pmatrix}$ si $ad - bc \neq 0$. - Para matrices, $(A+B)(A-B) = A^2 - B^2$ no siempre es cierto, hay que calcularlo. --- 3. **a) Calcular $A \cdot B$:** $$A \cdot B = \begin{pmatrix}2 & -1 \\ 3 & 2\end{pmatrix} \begin{pmatrix}0 & 1 \\ 4 & -2\end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix}2\cdot0 + (-1)\cdot4 & 2\cdot1 + (-1)\cdot(-2) \\ 3\cdot0 + 2\cdot4 & 3\cdot1 + 2\cdot(-2)\end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix}-4 & 4 \\ 8 & -1\end{pmatrix}$$ 4. **b) Calcular $B \cdot A$:** $$B \cdot A = \begin{pmatrix}0 & 1 \\ 4 & -2\end{pmatrix} \begin{pmatrix}2 & -1 \\ 3 & 2\end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix}0\cdot2 + 1\cdot3 & 0\cdot(-1) + 1\cdot2 \\ 4\cdot2 + (-2)\cdot3 & 4\cdot(-1) + (-2)\cdot2\end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix}3 & 2 \\ 2 & -8\end{pmatrix}$$ 5. **c) Calcular $B^{-1}$:** Determinante de $B$: $$\det(B) = 0\cdot(-2) - 1\cdot4 = -4 \neq 0$$ Por lo tanto, $B$ es invertible. $$B^{-1} = \frac{1}{-4} \begin{pmatrix}-2 & -1 \\ -4 & 0\end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix}\frac{1}{2} & \frac{1}{4} \\ 1 & 0\end{pmatrix}$$ 6. **d) Calcular $(A + B)(A - B)$:** Primero sumamos y restamos: $$A + B = \begin{pmatrix}2+0 & -1+1 \\ 3+4 & 2+(-2)\end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix}2 & 0 \\ 7 & 0\end{pmatrix}$$ $$A - B = \begin{pmatrix}2-0 & -1-1 \\ 3-4 & 2-(-2)\end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix}2 & -2 \\ -1 & 4\end{pmatrix}$$ Multiplicamos: $$(A + B)(A - B) = \begin{pmatrix}2 & 0 \\ 7 & 0\end{pmatrix} \begin{pmatrix}2 & -2 \\ -1 & 4\end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix}2\cdot2 + 0\cdot(-1) & 2\cdot(-2) + 0\cdot4 \\ 7\cdot2 + 0\cdot(-1) & 7\cdot(-2) + 0\cdot4\end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix}4 & -4 \\ 14 & -14\end{pmatrix}$$ 7. **e) Calcular $A^2 - B^2$:** Calculamos $A^2$: $$A^2 = A \cdot A = \begin{pmatrix}2 & -1 \\ 3 & 2\end{pmatrix} \begin{pmatrix}2 & -1 \\ 3 & 2\end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix}2\cdot2 + (-1)\cdot3 & 2\cdot(-1) + (-1)\cdot2 \\ 3\cdot2 + 2\cdot3 & 3\cdot(-1) + 2\cdot2\end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix}1 & -4 \\ 12 & 1\end{pmatrix}$$ Calculamos $B^2$: $$B^2 = B \cdot B = \begin{pmatrix}0 & 1 \\ 4 & -2\end{pmatrix} \begin{pmatrix}0 & 1 \\ 4 & -2\end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix}0\cdot0 + 1\cdot4 & 0\cdot1 + 1\cdot(-2) \\ 4\cdot0 + (-2)\cdot4 & 4\cdot1 + (-2)\cdot(-2)\end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix}4 & -2 \\ -8 & 8\end{pmatrix}$$ Restamos: $$A^2 - B^2 = \begin{pmatrix}1 & -4 \\ 12 & 1\end{pmatrix} - \begin{pmatrix}4 & -2 \\ -8 & 8\end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix}1-4 & -4-(-2) \\ 12-(-8) & 1-8\end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix}-3 & -2 \\ 20 & -7\end{pmatrix}$$ 8. **f) Calcular $(A + B)^2$:** Ya calculamos $A+B$ en el paso 6: $$A + B = \begin{pmatrix}2 & 0 \\ 7 & 0\end{pmatrix}$$ Entonces: $$(A + B)^2 = (A + B)(A + B) = \begin{pmatrix}2 & 0 \\ 7 & 0\end{pmatrix} \begin{pmatrix}2 & 0 \\ 7 & 0\end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix}2\cdot2 + 0\cdot7 & 2\cdot0 + 0\cdot0 \\ 7\cdot2 + 0\cdot7 & 7\cdot0 + 0\cdot0\end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix}4 & 0 \\ 14 & 0\end{pmatrix}$$ 9. **g) Calcular $A^2 + B^2 + 2AB$:** Ya tenemos $A^2$ y $B^2$ de pasos anteriores. Calculamos $AB$ (ya calculado en a)): $$AB = \begin{pmatrix}-4 & 4 \\ 8 & -1\end{pmatrix}$$ Multiplicamos por 2: $$2AB = 2 \cdot \begin{pmatrix}-4 & 4 \\ 8 & -1\end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix}-8 & 8 \\ 16 & -2\end{pmatrix}$$ Sumamos: $$A^2 + B^2 + 2AB = \begin{pmatrix}1 & -4 \\ 12 & 1\end{pmatrix} + \begin{pmatrix}4 & -2 \\ -8 & 8\end{pmatrix} + \begin{pmatrix}-8 & 8 \\ 16 & -2\end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix}1+4-8 & -4-2+8 \\ 12-8+16 & 1+8-2\end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix}-3 & 2 \\ 20 & 7\end{pmatrix}$$ **Respuesta final:** \begin{align*} &\text{a) } A \cdot B = \begin{pmatrix}-4 & 4 \\ 8 & -1\end{pmatrix} \\ &\text{b) } B \cdot A = \begin{pmatrix}3 & 2 \\ 2 & -8\end{pmatrix} \\ &\text{c) } B^{-1} = \begin{pmatrix}\frac{1}{2} & \frac{1}{4} \\ 1 & 0\end{pmatrix} \\ &\text{d) } (A + B)(A - B) = \begin{pmatrix}4 & -4 \\ 14 & -14\end{pmatrix} \\ &\text{e) } A^2 - B^2 = \begin{pmatrix}-3 & -2 \\ 20 & -7\end{pmatrix} \\ &\text{f) } (A + B)^2 = \begin{pmatrix}4 & 0 \\ 14 & 0\end{pmatrix} \\ &\text{g) } A^2 + B^2 + 2AB = \begin{pmatrix}-3 & 2 \\ 20 & 7\end{pmatrix} \end{align*}