1. **Planteamiento del problema:**
Dadas las matrices
$$A=\begin{pmatrix}-1 & 1 & 2 \\ 2 & 0 & 3 \\ 1 & 1 & 2\end{pmatrix}, \quad B=\begin{pmatrix}-1 & 0 & 2 \\ 2 & 1 & 1 \\ 0 & 2 & -1\end{pmatrix}$$
Se debe encontrar la matriz $X$ que satisface la ecuación
$$A \cdot X + I = 3B$$
donde $I$ es la matriz identidad $3 \times 3$.
2. **Fórmula y reglas importantes:**
Para despejar $X$, restamos $I$ a ambos lados:
$$A \cdot X = 3B - I$$
Luego, multiplicamos ambos lados por la inversa de $A$, $A^{-1}$, para aislar $X$:
$$X = A^{-1} (3B - I)$$
Es importante que $A$ sea invertible para que $A^{-1}$ exista.
3. **Cálculo de $3B - I$:**
Multiplicamos $B$ por 3:
$$3B = \begin{pmatrix}-3 & 0 & 6 \\ 6 & 3 & 3 \\ 0 & 6 & -3\end{pmatrix}$$
La matriz identidad $I$ es:
$$I = \begin{pmatrix}1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 1\end{pmatrix}$$
Entonces,
$$3B - I = \begin{pmatrix}-3-1 & 0-0 & 6-0 \\ 6-0 & 3-1 & 3-0 \\ 0-0 & 6-0 & -3-1\end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix}-4 & 0 & 6 \\ 6 & 2 & 3 \\ 0 & 6 & -4\end{pmatrix}$$
4. **Cálculo de $A^{-1}$:**
Calculamos la inversa de $A$ usando la fórmula $A^{-1} = \frac{1}{\det(A)} \mathrm{adj}(A)$.
- Determinante de $A$:
$$\det(A) = -1 \cdot \begin{vmatrix}0 & 3 \\ 1 & 2\end{vmatrix} - 1 \cdot \begin{vmatrix}2 & 3 \\ 1 & 2\end{vmatrix} + 2 \cdot \begin{vmatrix}2 & 0 \\ 1 & 1\end{vmatrix}$$
Calculamos cada menor:
$$\begin{vmatrix}0 & 3 \\ 1 & 2\end{vmatrix} = 0 \cdot 2 - 3 \cdot 1 = -3$$
$$\begin{vmatrix}2 & 3 \\ 1 & 2\end{vmatrix} = 2 \cdot 2 - 3 \cdot 1 = 4 - 3 = 1$$
$$\begin{vmatrix}2 & 0 \\ 1 & 1\end{vmatrix} = 2 \cdot 1 - 0 \cdot 1 = 2$$
Entonces:
$$\det(A) = -1 \cdot (-3) - 1 \cdot 1 + 2 \cdot 2 = 3 - 1 + 4 = 6$$
- Matriz adjunta $\mathrm{adj}(A)$ (transpuesta de la matriz de cofactores):
Calculamos cofactores:
$$C_{11} = + \begin{vmatrix}0 & 3 \\ 1 & 2\end{vmatrix} = -3$$
$$C_{12} = - \begin{vmatrix}2 & 3 \\ 1 & 2\end{vmatrix} = -1$$
$$C_{13} = + \begin{vmatrix}2 & 0 \\ 1 & 1\end{vmatrix} = 2$$
$$C_{21} = - \begin{vmatrix}1 & 2 \\ 1 & 2\end{vmatrix} = - (1 \cdot 2 - 2 \cdot 1) = 0$$
$$C_{22} = + \begin{vmatrix}-1 & 2 \\ 1 & 2\end{vmatrix} = (-1) \cdot 2 - 2 \cdot 1 = -2 - 2 = -4$$
$$C_{23} = - \begin{vmatrix}-1 & 1 \\ 1 & 1\end{vmatrix} = -((-1) \cdot 1 - 1 \cdot 1) = -(-1 -1) = 2$$
$$C_{31} = + \begin{vmatrix}1 & 2 \\ 0 & 3\end{vmatrix} = 1 \cdot 3 - 2 \cdot 0 = 3$$
$$C_{32} = - \begin{vmatrix}-1 & 2 \\ 2 & 3\end{vmatrix} = -((-1) \cdot 3 - 2 \cdot 2) = -(-3 -4) = 7$$
$$C_{33} = + \begin{vmatrix}-1 & 1 \\ 2 & 0\end{vmatrix} = (-1) \cdot 0 - 1 \cdot 2 = -2$$
La matriz de cofactores es:
$$\begin{pmatrix}-3 & -1 & 2 \\ 0 & -4 & 2 \\ 3 & 7 & -2\end{pmatrix}$$
La adjunta es la transpuesta:
$$\mathrm{adj}(A) = \begin{pmatrix}-3 & 0 & 3 \\ -1 & -4 & 7 \\ 2 & 2 & -2\end{pmatrix}$$
- Finalmente,
$$A^{-1} = \frac{1}{6} \begin{pmatrix}-3 & 0 & 3 \\ -1 & -4 & 7 \\ 2 & 2 & -2\end{pmatrix}$$
5. **Cálculo de $X = A^{-1}(3B - I)$:**
Multiplicamos:
$$X = \frac{1}{6} \begin{pmatrix}-3 & 0 & 3 \\ -1 & -4 & 7 \\ 2 & 2 & -2\end{pmatrix} \begin{pmatrix}-4 & 0 & 6 \\ 6 & 2 & 3 \\ 0 & 6 & -4\end{pmatrix}$$
Calculamos cada elemento de $X$:
- Primera fila:
$$X_{11} = \frac{1}{6}(-3 \cdot -4 + 0 \cdot 6 + 3 \cdot 0) = \frac{1}{6}(12 + 0 + 0) = 2$$
$$X_{12} = \frac{1}{6}(-3 \cdot 0 + 0 \cdot 2 + 3 \cdot 6) = \frac{1}{6}(0 + 0 + 18) = 3$$
$$X_{13} = \frac{1}{6}(-3 \cdot 6 + 0 \cdot 3 + 3 \cdot -4) = \frac{1}{6}(-18 + 0 -12) = \frac{-30}{6} = -5$$
- Segunda fila:
$$X_{21} = \frac{1}{6}(-1 \cdot -4 + -4 \cdot 6 + 7 \cdot 0) = \frac{1}{6}(4 - 24 + 0) = \frac{-20}{6} = -\frac{10}{3}$$
$$X_{22} = \frac{1}{6}(-1 \cdot 0 + -4 \cdot 2 + 7 \cdot 6) = \frac{1}{6}(0 - 8 + 42) = \frac{34}{6} = \frac{17}{3}$$
$$X_{23} = \frac{1}{6}(-1 \cdot 6 + -4 \cdot 3 + 7 \cdot -4) = \frac{1}{6}(-6 - 12 - 28) = \frac{-46}{6} = -\frac{23}{3}$$
- Tercera fila:
$$X_{31} = \frac{1}{6}(2 \cdot -4 + 2 \cdot 6 + -2 \cdot 0) = \frac{1}{6}(-8 + 12 + 0) = \frac{4}{6} = \frac{2}{3}$$
$$X_{32} = \frac{1}{6}(2 \cdot 0 + 2 \cdot 2 + -2 \cdot 6) = \frac{1}{6}(0 + 4 - 12) = \frac{-8}{6} = -\frac{4}{3}$$
$$X_{33} = \frac{1}{6}(2 \cdot 6 + 2 \cdot 3 + -2 \cdot -4) = \frac{1}{6}(12 + 6 + 8) = \frac{26}{6} = \frac{13}{3}$$
6. **Respuesta final:**
$$X = \begin{pmatrix}2 & 3 & -5 \\ -\frac{10}{3} & \frac{17}{3} & -\frac{23}{3} \\ \frac{2}{3} & -\frac{4}{3} & \frac{13}{3}\end{pmatrix}$$
Matriz X Ae7032
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