Subjects algebra

Matriz X Ae7032

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1. **Planteamiento del problema:** Dadas las matrices $$A=\begin{pmatrix}-1 & 1 & 2 \\ 2 & 0 & 3 \\ 1 & 1 & 2\end{pmatrix}, \quad B=\begin{pmatrix}-1 & 0 & 2 \\ 2 & 1 & 1 \\ 0 & 2 & -1\end{pmatrix}$$ Se debe encontrar la matriz $X$ que satisface la ecuación $$A \cdot X + I = 3B$$ donde $I$ es la matriz identidad $3 \times 3$. 2. **Fórmula y reglas importantes:** Para despejar $X$, restamos $I$ a ambos lados: $$A \cdot X = 3B - I$$ Luego, multiplicamos ambos lados por la inversa de $A$, $A^{-1}$, para aislar $X$: $$X = A^{-1} (3B - I)$$ Es importante que $A$ sea invertible para que $A^{-1}$ exista. 3. **Cálculo de $3B - I$:** Multiplicamos $B$ por 3: $$3B = \begin{pmatrix}-3 & 0 & 6 \\ 6 & 3 & 3 \\ 0 & 6 & -3\end{pmatrix}$$ La matriz identidad $I$ es: $$I = \begin{pmatrix}1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 1\end{pmatrix}$$ Entonces, $$3B - I = \begin{pmatrix}-3-1 & 0-0 & 6-0 \\ 6-0 & 3-1 & 3-0 \\ 0-0 & 6-0 & -3-1\end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix}-4 & 0 & 6 \\ 6 & 2 & 3 \\ 0 & 6 & -4\end{pmatrix}$$ 4. **Cálculo de $A^{-1}$:** Calculamos la inversa de $A$ usando la fórmula $A^{-1} = \frac{1}{\det(A)} \mathrm{adj}(A)$. - Determinante de $A$: $$\det(A) = -1 \cdot \begin{vmatrix}0 & 3 \\ 1 & 2\end{vmatrix} - 1 \cdot \begin{vmatrix}2 & 3 \\ 1 & 2\end{vmatrix} + 2 \cdot \begin{vmatrix}2 & 0 \\ 1 & 1\end{vmatrix}$$ Calculamos cada menor: $$\begin{vmatrix}0 & 3 \\ 1 & 2\end{vmatrix} = 0 \cdot 2 - 3 \cdot 1 = -3$$ $$\begin{vmatrix}2 & 3 \\ 1 & 2\end{vmatrix} = 2 \cdot 2 - 3 \cdot 1 = 4 - 3 = 1$$ $$\begin{vmatrix}2 & 0 \\ 1 & 1\end{vmatrix} = 2 \cdot 1 - 0 \cdot 1 = 2$$ Entonces: $$\det(A) = -1 \cdot (-3) - 1 \cdot 1 + 2 \cdot 2 = 3 - 1 + 4 = 6$$ - Matriz adjunta $\mathrm{adj}(A)$ (transpuesta de la matriz de cofactores): Calculamos cofactores: $$C_{11} = + \begin{vmatrix}0 & 3 \\ 1 & 2\end{vmatrix} = -3$$ $$C_{12} = - \begin{vmatrix}2 & 3 \\ 1 & 2\end{vmatrix} = -1$$ $$C_{13} = + \begin{vmatrix}2 & 0 \\ 1 & 1\end{vmatrix} = 2$$ $$C_{21} = - \begin{vmatrix}1 & 2 \\ 1 & 2\end{vmatrix} = - (1 \cdot 2 - 2 \cdot 1) = 0$$ $$C_{22} = + \begin{vmatrix}-1 & 2 \\ 1 & 2\end{vmatrix} = (-1) \cdot 2 - 2 \cdot 1 = -2 - 2 = -4$$ $$C_{23} = - \begin{vmatrix}-1 & 1 \\ 1 & 1\end{vmatrix} = -((-1) \cdot 1 - 1 \cdot 1) = -(-1 -1) = 2$$ $$C_{31} = + \begin{vmatrix}1 & 2 \\ 0 & 3\end{vmatrix} = 1 \cdot 3 - 2 \cdot 0 = 3$$ $$C_{32} = - \begin{vmatrix}-1 & 2 \\ 2 & 3\end{vmatrix} = -((-1) \cdot 3 - 2 \cdot 2) = -(-3 -4) = 7$$ $$C_{33} = + \begin{vmatrix}-1 & 1 \\ 2 & 0\end{vmatrix} = (-1) \cdot 0 - 1 \cdot 2 = -2$$ La matriz de cofactores es: $$\begin{pmatrix}-3 & -1 & 2 \\ 0 & -4 & 2 \\ 3 & 7 & -2\end{pmatrix}$$ La adjunta es la transpuesta: $$\mathrm{adj}(A) = \begin{pmatrix}-3 & 0 & 3 \\ -1 & -4 & 7 \\ 2 & 2 & -2\end{pmatrix}$$ - Finalmente, $$A^{-1} = \frac{1}{6} \begin{pmatrix}-3 & 0 & 3 \\ -1 & -4 & 7 \\ 2 & 2 & -2\end{pmatrix}$$ 5. **Cálculo de $X = A^{-1}(3B - I)$:** Multiplicamos: $$X = \frac{1}{6} \begin{pmatrix}-3 & 0 & 3 \\ -1 & -4 & 7 \\ 2 & 2 & -2\end{pmatrix} \begin{pmatrix}-4 & 0 & 6 \\ 6 & 2 & 3 \\ 0 & 6 & -4\end{pmatrix}$$ Calculamos cada elemento de $X$: - Primera fila: $$X_{11} = \frac{1}{6}(-3 \cdot -4 + 0 \cdot 6 + 3 \cdot 0) = \frac{1}{6}(12 + 0 + 0) = 2$$ $$X_{12} = \frac{1}{6}(-3 \cdot 0 + 0 \cdot 2 + 3 \cdot 6) = \frac{1}{6}(0 + 0 + 18) = 3$$ $$X_{13} = \frac{1}{6}(-3 \cdot 6 + 0 \cdot 3 + 3 \cdot -4) = \frac{1}{6}(-18 + 0 -12) = \frac{-30}{6} = -5$$ - Segunda fila: $$X_{21} = \frac{1}{6}(-1 \cdot -4 + -4 \cdot 6 + 7 \cdot 0) = \frac{1}{6}(4 - 24 + 0) = \frac{-20}{6} = -\frac{10}{3}$$ $$X_{22} = \frac{1}{6}(-1 \cdot 0 + -4 \cdot 2 + 7 \cdot 6) = \frac{1}{6}(0 - 8 + 42) = \frac{34}{6} = \frac{17}{3}$$ $$X_{23} = \frac{1}{6}(-1 \cdot 6 + -4 \cdot 3 + 7 \cdot -4) = \frac{1}{6}(-6 - 12 - 28) = \frac{-46}{6} = -\frac{23}{3}$$ - Tercera fila: $$X_{31} = \frac{1}{6}(2 \cdot -4 + 2 \cdot 6 + -2 \cdot 0) = \frac{1}{6}(-8 + 12 + 0) = \frac{4}{6} = \frac{2}{3}$$ $$X_{32} = \frac{1}{6}(2 \cdot 0 + 2 \cdot 2 + -2 \cdot 6) = \frac{1}{6}(0 + 4 - 12) = \frac{-8}{6} = -\frac{4}{3}$$ $$X_{33} = \frac{1}{6}(2 \cdot 6 + 2 \cdot 3 + -2 \cdot -4) = \frac{1}{6}(12 + 6 + 8) = \frac{26}{6} = \frac{13}{3}$$ 6. **Respuesta final:** $$X = \begin{pmatrix}2 & 3 & -5 \\ -\frac{10}{3} & \frac{17}{3} & -\frac{23}{3} \\ \frac{2}{3} & -\frac{4}{3} & \frac{13}{3}\end{pmatrix}$$