1. **Problem Statement:** Given the function $d(s) = 3^1$ (a constant function), find the limit as $s$ approaches any value $a$. 2. **Formula and Rules:** For any constant function $f(s) = c$, the limit as $s$ approaches $a$ is simply the constant $c$ itself: $$\lim_{s \to a} c = c$$ 3. **Intermediate Work:** Since $d(s) = 3^1 = 3$, it is a constant function. 4. **Explanation:** Because the function does not depend on $s$, its value remains $3$ regardless of $s$. Therefore, the limit as $s$ approaches any number $a$ is $3$. 5. **Final Answer:** $$\lim_{s \to a} d(s) = 3$$ **Note:** The multiple-choice answers given are 4, 16, 2, and 0. Since $3$ is not among them, the closest correct understanding is that the limit equals the constant value of the function, which is $3$. Possibly a typo or misprint in the options.