1. The problem asks: What are the characteristics of civilization? 2. Characteristics of civilization typically include: - Advanced cities - Specialized workers - Complex institutions - Record keeping - Advanced technology 3. These features define a civilization because they show organized social structure and cultural development. 4. There is no formula here, but understanding these traits helps identify civilizations in history. 5. To summarize, civilizations have cities, specialized labor, institutions like governments or religions, systems to keep records, and technological advances. This completes the answer to the first question.