1. **Problem:** Identify the logical structure or fallacy in the statement: "Last year's mild winter proves that global warming isn't real." 2. **Formula/Rule:** This is an example of the **hasty generalization fallacy**, where a single instance is used to disprove a broader theory. 3. **Explanation:** Global warming is about long-term trends, not single events. Using one mild winter to deny global warming ignores the overall data. 1. **Problem:** Convert "Continued carbon emissions lead to temperature rise" into formal logic. 2. **Formula:** Use implication: $C \to T$ where $C$ = continued carbon emissions, $T$ = temperature rise. 3. **Explanation:** This states if carbon emissions continue, then temperature rises. 1. **Problem:** Deduce conclusion using Rule of Detachment: Given: When soil erosion occurs, agricultural yield declines ($E \to Y$). Given: Soil erosion is occurring ($E$). 2. **Formula:** By Modus Ponens, from $E \to Y$ and $E$, conclude $Y$. 3. **Conclusion:** Agricultural yield declines. 1. **Problem:** Is the statement "We must choose between economic growth and environmental protection" logically sound? 2. **Explanation:** This is a false dilemma fallacy, assuming only two options exist when others may be possible. **Final answer:** The first question involves 5 statements, the second 5 assertions, the third 5 inference problems, and the fourth 5 reasoning questions, totaling 20 distinct problems.