1. **State the problem:** Determine if the argument "All true hockey players have had their teeth knocked out. Ed has never had his teeth knocked out. Therefore, Ed is not one of the true hockey players." is a valid deduction. 2. **Identify the logical form:** The argument can be expressed as: - Premise 1: If someone is a true hockey player, then they have had their teeth knocked out. ($\text{True Hockey Player} \implies \text{Teeth Knocked Out}$) - Premise 2: Ed has never had his teeth knocked out. ($\neg \text{Teeth Knocked Out}$) - Conclusion: Ed is not a true hockey player. ($\neg \text{True Hockey Player}$) 3. **Apply the rule of contrapositive:** The contrapositive of the first premise is: $$\neg \text{Teeth Knocked Out} \implies \neg \text{True Hockey Player}$$ 4. **Evaluate the argument:** Since Ed has never had his teeth knocked out ($\neg \text{Teeth Knocked Out}$), by the contrapositive, Ed is not a true hockey player ($\neg \text{True Hockey Player}$). 5. **Conclusion:** The argument is logically valid because it correctly applies the contrapositive rule in deductive reasoning. **Final answer:** Valid