1. **State the problem:** Calculate the value of the fraction $$\frac{4.5 \times 10^{-16} \text{ N}}{9.11 \times 10^{-31} \text{ kg}}$$. 2. **Formula and rules:** When dividing numbers in scientific notation, divide the coefficients and subtract the exponents of 10. 3. **Calculate the coefficient:** $$\frac{4.5}{9.11} \approx 0.4945$$ 4. **Calculate the exponent:** $$10^{-16} \div 10^{-31} = 10^{-16 - (-31)} = 10^{15}$$ 5. **Combine the results:** $$0.4945 \times 10^{15} = 4.945 \times 10^{14}$$ (rewriting $0.4945$ as $4.945 \times 10^{-1}$ and adjusting exponent accordingly) 6. **Final answer:** $$4.945 \times 10^{14} \text{ N/kg}$$ This means the fraction equals approximately $4.945 \times 10^{14}$ newtons per kilogram.